REVIEWS

Ecology and Anarchism. Essays and Reviews on Contemporary Thought. By Brian Morris. Images. £14.95. 192 pages.

This book is a collection of essays that have appeared over the years in various radical publications, including Freedom, Our Generation, Anarchy, and Anarchist Studies. Comrade Morris defines himself in the following terms:" ...following Murray Bookchin, I think that Socialist Anarchism is the only viable political tradition that complements ecology, and offers a genuine response to the social and ecological crisis that we now face."

In his introduction, Morris indicates that the underlying orientation of the collection is to support three interlinked theoretical perspectives and social movements-radical humanism, social ecology, and socialist anarchism. So contained within the covers of the book are essays on Thomas Spence, seen as a precursor of anarchism, and the Mexican anarchist Flores Magon, as well as libertarian movements within the French Revolution. Morris's radical humanism means spirited and sustained attacks on the strong mystical currents within the ecological movement and a pitiless struggle with obscurantism. elitism, and theologism. Indeed the first essay, Ecology and Mysticism looks at the ideas of thinkers influential within the ecological movement like Schumacher, Skolimowski, Roszak and Wynne-Tyson all of whom he believes are blazing trials in a false direction towards mystical obscurantism. He concludes that "ecologists need to recognise that the social perspective that complements ecology is provided by anarchism, not by religion...A creative future can be sustained only by a synthesis of ecological principles and anarchist thought". This outlook is reiterated in a further essay on Skolimowski.

Also of interest is the essay on Thomas Spence. Spence was has been described as Britain's first modern socialist, and here Morris attempts to claim him as a precursor of modern British class struggle anarchism. Spence's group was on the radical wing of English Jacobinism, and in its London base engaged in producing pamphlets, and a periodical, as well as forms of propaganda like the "anonymous handbill, the charcoaled pavement, the tavern club, perhaps the food riot" (E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class) As Morris shows, Spence, " although a communist, was clearly hostile to any form of state socialism". Morris also points to similar developments among the sans-culottes and Enrages of the French Revolution.

As the book is a collection of essays over some years in different reviews on a wide range of subjects, some of the topics addressed may be of peripheral interest to those interested in class struggle anarchism. Morris correctly notes that "Anarchism, as a social and political development was primarily a radical response to industrial or monopoly capitalism." This is in his essay on Lao Tzu, in which he attempts to reclaim the ancient Chinese philosopher, not as a religious mystic, but as the first writer to express the libertarian socialist ideal. Unfortunately, there have been too many writers concentrating on the philosophical roots of anarchism at the expense of the modern movement which sprang out of the movements of the masses against capitalism. Morris is not coming from the essentially radical liberal outlook of these writers, and is attempting to, once more, counter the rampant mysticism influencing the ecological movement. Such philosophical research has some interest, and it would be daft to fall into the trap of workerism, just as one should realise the previous political thrust of the majority of writers engaged in such work.

Overall then, a rewarding read, in particular Morris's attacks on the cults of religious mysticism that obscure the fundamentally social dimensions of the ecological movement.

The Meaning of Anarchism. By Captain Jack White. Organise!-International Workers Association, £1.00. 12 pages.

At last the comrades of Organise!, the Irish anarcho-syndicalist group, have reprinted this long out-of-print pamphlet. Jack White, founder of the Irish Citizen Army, was an enigmatic character on the Irish left who has tended to be marginalised in Irish Labour history. This slim pamphlet is unfortunately his only written work presently available and it dates from the period after he had embraced anarchism. His 'conversion' occurred during his time as a volunteer in the  International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War. The essay contained in this pamphlet is divided between a defence of anarchism against its Marxist critics and a discussion of the events in Spain from a libertarian perspective. White makes some odd comments about the "Spanish racial characteristic of human dignity."(?!) and his notion that the Easter Uprising in Ireland in 1916 was more important than the Russian Revolution a year later (and more in tune with the spirit of anarchism!) is somewhat controversial. However, White's unorthodoxy was famous; his autobiography was even called 'Misfit', and this shouldn't detract from what is an interesting read. With a new introduction by an Organise! member, 'The Meaning of Anarchism' should hopefully be a useful tool in connecting anarchists in Ireland today with those of its past. Available from P.O.Box 505, Belfast, N.Ireland. BT12 6BQ.